A
- Circuit breaker: a device for protecting an electrical circuit during overload by tripping when the current exceeds a certain limit value. Some circuit breakers are manually turned on after tripping, but most turn on automatically.
- Ampere: the amount of electric current produced when a voltage of one volt is applied to a circuit having a resistance of one ohm.
- Ammeter: a device designed to measure current in a circuit in amperes. Ammeters are connected in series to the circuit being tested.
- Analog computer: a microprocessor that receives analog electrical impulses as input.
- Hydrometer: a device for measuring the concentration of a solution.
- Atmosphere pressure: pressure on the earth's surface created by the atmosphere. At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa at 0°C.
B
- Bakelite: a heat-resistant plastic-based insulating material commonly used in printed circuit boards and transistor components.
- Ballast resistor: resistor in the primary ignition circuit, which serves to reduce the voltage after the engine starts, thus preventing increased wear on the ignition system components.
- Drum brake: a brake assembly consisting of two brake shoes and one or two brake wheel cylinders mounted on a fixed base plate. The unit is mounted inside the brake drum, which rotates with the wheel hub.
- Raceway Bearing: the rolling surface of balls, rollers or needles on the inner or outer race of a bearing.
- Bimetallic temperature sensor: a sensor or switch, which is two plates of dissimilar metals that are installed close to each other. When heated or cooled, the plates bend to one side, since their materials have different degrees of thermal expansion. These types of sensors are typically used as circuit breakers.
- Control block: an electronic device that controls the low voltage supply circuit to the ignition coil electrodes. When the primary low voltage circuit opens, an ignition pulse is sent to the electrodes of the coils.
- Cylinder block: the main body part of the engine in which the cylinder bores are bored. The crankshaft and other main engine parts are installed in the block.
- Electronic ignition system: a system in which the ignition distribution between the cylinders is controlled by an electronic control unit, usually called an engine control unit. The design of such systems does not provide for the presence of a distribution switch.
- Engine control unit (RSM): ignition system unit (amplifier or igniter). See Control Unit.
IN
- Vacuum regulator: a device that shifts the ignition distribution phases in accordance with an increase in engine vacuum.
- Vacuum gauge:a measuring device designed to measure the degree of vacuum in the chamber.
- Top meter point (TDC): the point of travel at which the piston reaches the top position on the compression stroke.
- Air damper: a device, usually a movable valve, located in the intake manifold to vary the amount of air flow.
- Voltmeter: a device designed to measure voltage in volts. Voltmeters are always connected in series to the circuit being tested.
- Intake manifold: a cast part that is a system of channels or tubes designed to admit air or an air-fuel mixture into the cylinders.
- Secondary circuit: high voltage ignition system circuit, typically in excess of 20,000 V. The secondary circuit includes the ignition coil and its wires, the distributor cap and rotor, and the spark plugs and their wiring.
- Liner: bearing component (usually removable); anti-friction liners are used as a plain bearing.
- Input shaft: the shaft that receives the torque. Typically, a shaft drives a gear or gears.
- An exhaust manifold: cast tubes or channels through which exhaust gas is removed from the engine.
- Output shaft: a shaft that transmits torque from a unit, for example, from a gearbox.
- Viscosity: ratio that determines the fluidity of a liquid.
G
- Generator: a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
- Torque converter: a turbine designed to transfer kinetic energy from the driving to the driven part through hydraulic effect, which provides a change in gear ratio and torque. In cars, the torque converter transmits torque from the drive disk to the shaft of the automatic transmission.
- Main cylinder: a device for primary compression of fluid in a hydraulic system. In a car, master cylinders are found in the brake system and in the hydraulic clutch system. The clutch master cylinder is driven directly by the pedal, and the brake cylinder is driven directly by the vacuum booster rod.
- Cylinder head: a removable part of the engine, which is usually attached to the top of the cylinder block. The cylinder head contains all or most of the combustion chambers. The cylinder head of an overhead valve engine contains valves and valve train parts. Camshaft (s) top position is also installed (there are) into the block head.
D
- Sensor:a device designed to determine engine operating parameters, as well as to measure ambient pressure and temperature. As a rule, sensors are an electronic device that transmits impulses to the control unit. Some sensors perform the function of ordinary switches, as well as potentiometers, delivering pulses of different voltages depending on changes in the measured parameters or conditions.
- Internal combustion engine: a unit in which thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy.
- Detonation:unwanted explosion of the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber due to overheating or excessive compression, as well as pre-ignition or excessive lean mixture.
- Diaphragm:a thin flexible wall between two cavities, such as in a vacuum regulator.
- Diode: an electrical device that conducts current in only one direction.
- Disc brake: a hydraulic brake unit consisting of a brake disc mounted on an axle and a caliper, which usually contains two brake pads. The pads are driven by hydraulic pressure, as a result of which they are pressed against the disc on both sides. At the same time, the rotation speed of the disk decreases due to the action of friction.
- Differential: unit, which is a system of gear wheels. The purpose of the differential is to ensure, if necessary, rotation of the drive wheels at different frequencies.
3
- Gap: the space between parts, such as a shaft and a hole.
- Stop valve: a valve designed to allow air or fuel to pass through and to spread a vacuum in one direction only.
- Ring gear: a ring gear attached to a differential housing, mounted on a flywheel, or integral to a planetary gear system.
AND
- Measuring unit: a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electromagnetic device that serves to transmit sensor input signals.
- Needle bearing: bearing, which has several (usually a lot) long and thin rotation rollers.
- Induction:a method of propagating electrical energy in the form of a magnetic field. As a rule, the ignition coil works on this principle, producing the voltage necessary for the spark plug to emit a spark.
TO
- Glow ignition: continued engine operation after the ignition is turned off.
- Call number: a conditional value proportional to the average indicator pressure at which, during testing of a spark plug on a motor calibration unit, glow ignition begins to occur in the cylinder, i.e. ignition (until spark) working mixture from an external source - overheated parts of a spark plug or piston. The higher the heat value, the higher the heat transfer of the candle.
- Carburetor: a device installed, as a rule, on the intake manifold, in which air and fuel are mixed in the proportion necessary for complete combustion.
- Carter: the lower part of the engine in which the crankshaft and connecting rod piston group are installed.
- Catalytic converter: a device in the exhaust system that converts toxic combustion products into carbon dioxide and water vapor through a catalytic thermal reaction.
- Coil (ignition): an electrical transformer that supplies voltage to the spark plugs.
- Oxygen sensor: a device that records the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases and transmits pulses to the control unit. After processing the pulses received from the sensor in the control unit, the appropriate air-fuel mixture ratio is established.
- Valve: a device for regulating pressure, flow rate, and flow of liquid or gas.
- Valve clearance: The measured clearance in the valve train between the valve stem and rocker arm or camshaft cam and tappet.
- Overhead valve mechanism: In this mechanism, the camshaft is located in the cylinder block, and the valves are located in the cylinder head. The camshaft operates the valves using cams and tappets.
- Crankshaft: The main drive shaft of the engine, which converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into the rotational motion of the flywheel.
- Collector: a cast part that is a system of channels or tubes designed to connect engine cylinders to the intake or exhaust tract.
- Combination valve: a device used in some fuel systems, which is designed to divert fuel vapors into the adsorber. When the fuel level drops, the valve also serves to relieve pressure from the fuel tank and allow fresh air to enter, thereby preventing the formation of vapor locks.
- Combined manifold: a unit that is simultaneously an intake and exhaust manifold.
- Capacitor:1. An electrical device designed to store electrical charge to prevent voltage surges. 2. A device in an air conditioning system, structurally similar to a radiator, in which the refrigerant changes from a vapor to a liquid state, releasing heat.
- Capacitor: device for accumulating electrical charge.
- Excess air ratio: the ratio of the actual mass of air supplied for the combustion of 1 kg of fuel to the theoretically required one.
- Torque: rotational force applied to an object.
M
- Flywheel: a disc-shaped part bolted to the rear end of the crankshaft. A ring gear is installed on the flywheel. When the engine starts, the starter gear is engaged by an electric valve with the ring gear, imparting starting torque to the flywheel.
- Dead point: the extreme upper or lower point of the piston stroke.
N
- Air injection: One of the ways to reduce the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere is to pump air into the engine exhaust tract. Fresh air entering the hot exhaust manifold promotes afterburning of unburnt fuel, thereby preventing its emission from the exhaust pipe.
- Setup: A regular maintenance procedure, usually involving the replacement and adjustment of elements of the engine's electrical and fuel systems in order to obtain optimal engine performance.
- Newton meter: torque created when 1 kgf is applied to a lever arm 1 m long.
ABOUT
- Backfire: abnormal combustion of gases in the intake or exhaust system, resulting in a loud explosion.
- Nitrogen oxides (NO): chemical compounds of nitrogen, which are a by-product of combustion When nitrogen-containing impurities are mixed with carbon, soot is formed.
- Ohm: (Ohm) a unit of measurement of the electrical resistance of a conductor. 1'Ohm is the resistance that occurs at a current of 1A and a voltage of 1V.
- Ohmmeter: a device designed to measure resistance in an electrical circuit in Ohms.
- Axial clearance: clearance in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft or bearing.
- Axial movement: measured axial clearance of the shaft.
P
- Primary circuit: the electrical circuit of the ignition system in which low voltage is created. This circuit includes devices such as an ignition switch, a ballast resistor or high-resistance winding, a shunt, a coil (And) ignition, control unit and inductive sensor, as well as related wiring and connectors.
- Gear ratio: the ratio of the number of teeth on the gear and the meshing gear.
- Transfusion: accumulation of excessive amounts of fuel in the intake manifold and combustion chamber, which prevents ignition of the air-fuel mixture. As a result of overfilling, the engine does not start.
- Fuse: a device for protecting an electrical circuit during overload by tripping when the current exceeds a certain limit value. The principle of operation of the fuse is to burn out the wiring, designed to transmit a certain current strength, when an overload occurs in the circuit. When the fuse wire blows, the circuit opens.
- Overdrive: transmission of torque, at which the crankshaft speed increases and the torque decreases.
- Bearing: a supporting part in a movable shaft-hole fit designed to reduce friction.
- Piston ring: a split ring installed in the piston groove to create a seal between the piston and the cylinder bore. Most pistons have three rings: two compression rings and one oil control ring
- Ignition order: the order of ignition in the engine cylinders, as well as the order in which the breaker closes the distributor contacts.
- Preload: a specified load applied to a bearing during assembly or adjustment.
- Converter: a device designed to convert a load value into an electrical impulse.
- Press fit: an interference fit in which the diameter of the shaft is greater than the diameter of the hole.
- Conductor: material through which electric current can flow.
- Intermediate shaft: a shaft driven by the main shaft and, in turn, transmitting rotation to other parts.
- Gas breakthrough: breakthrough of combustion products consisting of water vapor and unburned fuel through the piston rings into the engine crankcase. Crankcase gases are removed through the ventilation system, which prevents the accumulation of aggressive acids in the crankcase.
- Back pressure: exhaust system resistance that slows down the exit of exhaust gases from the combustion chambers.
R
- Brake slave cylinder: hydraulic device located in the drum brake. The slave cylinder serves to drive the brake shoes of the drum brake.
- Clutch slave cylinder: a device that serves to disengage the clutch by applying hydraulic force.
- Manifold vacuum: a vacuum in the engine intake manifold that forms just behind the throttle body. The highest degree of vacuum in the manifold is created in idle mode. As the crankshaft rotation speed increases, the degree of vacuum decreases.
- Distributor: a mechanically driven device installed on the engine that serves to distribute the supply of spark to the cylinders depending on the position of the pistons.
- Camshaft: The engine camshaft that drives the valve train. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft through a timing belt, chain or gear with a gear ratio of 1/2.
- Overhead camshaft (HE IS WITH): camshaft mounted on top of the cylinder head. The valves are driven either directly from the shaft cams or through rocker arms.
- Spray: converting liquid into a suspended dense mist.
- Adjusting shim: a spacer of a specified width installed between parts to ensure proper performance.
- Regulator: a device that serves to maintain current and/or voltage in a circuit at a certain level.
- Resistor: an electrical device, usually having a winding, that serves to change the resistance in a circuit.
- Relay: a switch that automatically opens and/or closes a circuit.
- Roller bearing: a bearing with a reinforced inner and outer race, between which rotation rollers made of hardened steel are located.
- Rotor: 1. A disk-shaped part of a disc brake that supports the brake pads; also called brake disc. 2. A part installed on the distributor shaft, which alternately closes the contacts of its cover.
WITH
- Spark plug: a device that screws into the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine. The spark plug design consists of a conductor surrounded by a ceramic insulator, which is located inside a conductive housing. The electric charge from the spark plug wire passes through the conductive core and forms an arc in the air space to the negative electrode, which is the tip of the conductive body. As a result, a spark ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
- Air-fuel ratio: the ratio of the mass of air and gasoline in the mixture entering the combustion chambers.
- Resistance: the opposition to the flow of current through a circuit or electrical device, measured in ohms. Resistance is equal to the ratio of voltage to current in a circuit.
- Compression ratio: the ratio of the total volume of the cylinder to the volume of the compression chamber.
- Hub: the central part of a wheel or gear.
- Caliper: hydraulic device in a disc brake system that surrounds the brake disc (rotor) on both sides. A caliper has at least one piston and two brake pads. The pads are pressed against the disc due to the hydraulic force of the piston.
T
- Tachometer: a device for measuring, usually in revolutions per minute, the speed of rotation of a motor shaft, gear, etc.
- Thermostat: a device in the engine cooling system with a valve that is closed when cold and gradually opens as the engine warms up, controlling the temperature and circulation of the coolant.
- Brake shoe:a part of the brake system that consists of a friction lining riveted or glued to a metal plate. The pads are pressed against the working surface of the brake disc or drum, causing the car to slow down.
- Brake lining: brake pad lining made of friction material. The term is usually used to describe the measurement of the allowable thickness of overlays.
- Transistor: a semiconductor element that is driven by low circuit voltage and performs a switching function.
- Turbocharger: turbine compressor driven by exhaust gas pressure on the rotor blades. A turbocharger sucks in air and forces it into the combustion chambers at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. Increasing the amount of air allows more fuel to be supplied to the chambers, resulting in increased engine power
U
- Carbon monoxide (CO): a colorless and odorless gas released as a by-product of combustion. Carbon monoxide is extremely poisonous and dangerous in confined spaces. Slowly accumulating to a toxic concentration in the blood, it can cause fatal poisoning.
- Hydrocarbon (CH): a chemical substance whose crystal lattice contains hydrogen and carbon atoms. The main pollutant released from chambers as a by-product of combustion.
- Firing angle: the angle of rotation of the shaft at which one ignition cycle occurs.
- Locating pin: a pin that fixes the original relative position of the mating parts.
F
- Nozzle: a fuel system device that serves to inject fuel into the combustion chamber at a certain high pressure and at a set frequency. Fuel is transported to the injector under low pressure.
C
- Trunnion: the surface of the bearing that is mated to the surface of the shaft.
- Centrifugal ignition angle adjustment: a mechanical method of adjusting the ignition angle, which consists in moving apart the centrifugal weights of the distributor depending on the speed of rotation of the shaft.
- Chain: a continuous circuit through which electric current flows. In some cases the term is used to describe the direction of the fuel.
- Cylinder: a cylindrical bore in the block in which the piston is installed.
Sh
- Ball bearing: a bearing with a reinforced inner and outer race, between which rotation balls made of hardened steel are located.
- Gear: smaller of two meshing gears
- Splines: grooves made during cutting or casting on the mating surfaces of the shaft and hole. This fit does not allow the parts to move relative to each other in the plane of the cross-section, while at the same time providing the possibility of mutual movement of the parts in the direction of the shaft axis.
- Key: a small fastener that is installed in the grooves of the shaft and hub to prevent the parts from shifting in the plane of the cross-section.
SCH
- Probe: as a rule, a metal plate of a strictly defined thickness used to measure the gap between parts.
E
- Electrovalve: a device with an inductive winding in which magnetic induction is converted into mechanical work.
- Electrical conductivity: the ability of materials to conduct electric current. Determined using an ohmmeter.
I
- Anchor: an epoxy resin-coated soft metal core containing a winding. Serves to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, for example, in an electric motor or relay, as well as electrical energy into mechanical energy, for example, when rotating a generator in a magnetic field.